Adipokines

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The worldwide epidemic of obesity has brought cons iderable attention to research aimed at understanding the biology of adipocytes fat cells and the events occurring in adipose tissue fat and in the bodies of obese individuals. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation and that this contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction that is associated with obesity-linked disorders. Adipose tissue functions as a key endocrine organ by releasing multiple bioactive substances, known as adipose-derived secreted factors or adipokines, that have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities. Dysregulated production or secretion of these adipokines owing to adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-linked complications. In this Review, we focus on the role of adipokines in inflammatory responses and discuss their potential as regulators of metabolic function.

Adipokines

The adipokines , or adipocytokines Greek adipo- , fat; cytos- , cell; and -kinos , movement are cytokines cell signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome , a constellation of diseases including, but not limited to, type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. Type of cytokines secreted by adipose tissue. ImmunoTargets and Therapy. PMC PMID A complex hub among inflammation, metabolism, and immunity". Proteomics: Clinical Applications. S2CID Endocr Res.

Diet-induced obesity alters the differentiation potential of stem cells isolated from bone marrow, adipokines, adipose tissue and infrapatellar fat pad: the effects of free fatty acids. In summary, adipokines, adiponectin positively influences the survival and function of MSC in various adipokines.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Besides its role as an energy storage organ, adipose tissue can be viewed as a dynamic and complex endocrine organ, which produces and secretes several adipokines, including hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix ECM proteins, and growth and vasoactive factors. A wide body of evidence showed that adipokines play a critical role in various biological and physiological functions, among which feeding modulation, inflammatory and immune function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and blood pressure control. These adipokines are able to modulate body weight, appetite, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and blood pressure Hida et al. On the other hand, hormones produced in different organs, such as the gut and the cardiovascular system, are integrated in a complex network centered in adipose tissue Kershaw and Flier, ; Galic et al.

The adipokines , or adipocytokines Greek adipo- , fat; cytos- , cell; and -kinos , movement are cytokines cell signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome , a constellation of diseases including, but not limited to, type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools.

Adipokines

Adipose tissue has traditionally been defined as connective tissue that stores excess calories in the form of triacylglycerol. However, the physiologic functions attributed to adipose tissue are expanding, and it is now well established that adipose tissue is an endocrine gland. Among the endocrine factors elaborated by adipose tissue are the adipokines; hormones, similar in structure to cytokines, produced by adipose tissue in response to changes in adipocyte triacylglycerol storage and local and systemic inflammation. They inform the host regarding long-term energy storage and have a profound influence on reproductive function, blood pressure regulation, energy homeostasis, the immune response, and many other physiologic processes. The adipokines possess pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and play a critical role in integrating systemic metabolism with immune function. In calorie restriction and starvation, proinflammatory adipokines decline and anti-inflammatory adipokines increase, which informs the host of energy deficits and contributes to the suppression of immune function. In individuals with normal metabolic status, there is a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines.

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Plasma adiponectin levels are negatively correlated with CRP levels in obese or diabetic patients, and low adiponectin levels are associated with higher CRP levels in non-diabetic or healthy subjects 3 , In addition, the various immune cell types within adipose tissue contribute to this release. In conclusion, adipokines have emerged as key determinants of MSC fate in the local and systemic milieus of patients with obesity. Furthermore, obese MSC increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that obesity reprograms MSC toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype Article Google Scholar He, Y. A cross-sectional study on women with gestational diabetes mellitus showed higher SPARC and lower adiponectin levels as compared to normal glucose tolerance controls. Hess, R. Diabetes 64 — Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. In addition, it has been observed that chronic omentin administration suppresses monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats Kazama et al. Dead adipocytes, detected as crown-like structures, are prevalent in visceral fat depots of genetically obese mice. This report shows for the first time that TNF acts as an adipokine that regulates obesity-linked insulin resistance.

Humans have highly integrated system to regulate energy storage and expenditure. Adipose tissue is a major depot to store triglycerides during energy excess and release fatty acids and glycerol for systemic energy need.

References Parekkadan, B. Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance, but appears unsuited for metabolic screening in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. In fact, an obese environment has been consistently reported to negatively modulate the differentiation of MSC toward osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage, suggesting that obesity compromises tissue repairing and regenerative functions of MSCs Despite the pro-inflammatory nature of IL, mice that are deficient in IL or its receptor show hyperphagia and have features of the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and obesity Loss of resistin improves glucose homeostasis in leptin deficiency. PLoS One 6 : e On the contrary, long-term exposure to relatively low levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which is observed in patients with obesity, drives MSC to an immune-activation phenotype. In particular, AdipoR1 is expressed ubiquitously and at higher levels in skeletal muscle, whereas the expression of AdipoR2 is mostly restricted to the liver. Kosteli A, et al. Anti-inflammatory adipokines are secreted by metabolically normal adipocytes to attenuate inflammation and coordinate fuel use by metabolically active tissues. Lipid remodeling of adipose tissue in metabolic health and disease Article Open access 01 September Obesity-driven alterations in adipose-derived stem cells are partially restored by weight loss. Circulation , — Castan-Laurell, I.