Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abiotic stresses hamper plant growth and productivity. Climate change and agricultural malpractices like excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides have aggravated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stresses on crop productivity and degraded the ecosystem. There is an urgent need for environment-friendly management techniques such as the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF for enhancing crop productivity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. AMF are commonly known as bio-fertilizers.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. They are considered natural biofertilizers, since they provide the host with water, nutrients, and pathogen protection, in exchange for photosynthetic products. Thus, AMF are primary biotic soil components which, when missing or impoverished, can lead to a less efficient ecosystem functioning. The process of re-establishing the natural level of AMF richness can represent a valid alternative to conventional fertilization practices, with a view to sustainable agriculture. The main strategy that can be adopted to achieve this goal is the direct re-introduction of AMF propagules inoculum into a target soil.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Abiotic stresses hamper plant growth and productivity. Climate change and agricultural malpractices like excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides have aggravated the effects of abiotic stresses on crop productivity and degraded the ecosystem. There is an urgent need for environment-friendly management techniques such as the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF for enhancing crop productivity. AMF are commonly known as bio-fertilizers. Moreover, it is widely believed that the inoculation of AMF provides tolerance to host plants against various stressful situations like heat, salinity, drought, metals, and extreme temperatures. AMF may both assist host plants in the up-regulation of tolerance mechanisms and prevent the down-regulation of key metabolic pathways. AMF, being natural root symbionts, provide essential plant inorganic nutrients to host plants, thereby improving growth and yield under unstressed and stressed regimes. Thus, further research focusing on the AMF-mediated promotion of crop quality and productivity is needed. The present review provides a comprehensive up-to-date knowledge on AMF and their influence on host plants at various growth stages, their advantages and applications, and consequently the importance of the relationships of different plant nutrients with AMF. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF facilitate host plants to grow vigorously under stressful conditions by mediating a series of complex communication events between the plant and the fungus leading to enhanced photosynthetic rate and other gas exchange-related traits Birhane et al.

Unfortunately, the promises made about these products and the obtained results are sometimes far apart. Miransari M.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. AM fungi are considered to be 'living fossils' and 'ancient asexuals', because structurally identical fungi were detected in association with the oldest land plant fossils and sexual stages or mechanisms are unknown. A class of terpenoids, strigolactones, has recently been identified that functions as signalling compounds in symbiosis and as endogenous plant hormones.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza AM is the most common symbiotic association of plants with microbes. AM fungi occur in the majority of natural habitats and they provide a range of important ecological services, in particular by improving plant nutrition, stress resistance and tolerance, soil structure and fertility. AM fungi also interact with most crop plants including cereals, vegetables, and fruit trees, therefore, they receive increasing attention for their potential use in sustainable agriculture. Basic research of the past decade has revealed the existence of a dedicated recognition and signaling pathway that is required for AM. Furthermore, recent evidence provided new insight into the exchange of nutritional benefits between the symbiotic partners. The great potential for application of AM has given rise to a thriving industry for AM-related products for agriculture, horticulture, and landscaping. Here, we discuss new developments in these fields, and we highlight future potential and limits toward the use of AM fungi for plant production. If an innovation spreads globally, becomes adapted to a multitude of diverse applications and persists over eons of time, it can be considered a great success. This is certainly the case for arbuscular mycorrhiza AM. AM is thought to have a monophyletic origin in the Ordovician, approximately Mio years ago Redecker et al.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

PLoS Pathog 8 4 : e This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: N. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF represent a monophyletic fungal lineage Glomeromycota that benefits terrestrial ecosystems worldwide by establishing an intimate association with the roots of most land plants: the mycorrhizal symbiosis.

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Elemental composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at high salinity. Though genetic analysis of AM fungal communities has advanced a great deal in the past decade, the methodology is not yet completely refined. Mycorrhiza 20, — Thus, AMF are primary biotic soil components which, when missing or impoverished, can lead to a less efficient ecosystem functioning. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen: implications for individual plants through to ecosystems. Hammer et al. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Furthermore, the correlation between the key genes involved in N 2 O production nirK and consumption nosZ and AM fungal abundance suggests that the regulation of N 2 O emissions is caused by changes induced by AM fungi in the soil microbial biomass and in the community composition. Four orders of AMF, namely, Glomerales, Archaeosporales, Paraglomerales, and Diversisporales, have been identified in this sub-phylum that also include 25 genera Redecker et al. AMF significantly alleviated the deleterious effects on photosynthesis under salinity stress Sheng et al. AMF improve the surface absorbing capability of host roots Bisleski, Fitter, A. Photosynthesis is induced in rice plants that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and are grown under arsenate and arsenite stress.

Abiotic stresses hamper plant growth and productivity.

The main strategy that can be adopted to achieve this goal is the direct re-introduction of AMF propagules inoculum into a target soil. Nutritional status, essential oil changes and water-use efficiency of rose geranium in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water deficiency stress. Heat stress significantly affects plant growth and development by imparting i loss of plant vigor and inhibition of seed germination, ii retarded growth rate, iii decreased biomass production, iv wilting and burning of leaves and reproductive organs, v abscission and senescence of leaves, vi damage as well as discoloration of fruit, vii reduction in yield and cell death Wahid et al. AMF-colonized plants have the ability to decrease oxidative stress by suppressing lipid membrane peroxidation under salinity stress Abdel Latef and Chaoxing, ; Talaat and Shawky, There are many reports in the literature on uncovering the AMF-induced effects on the buildup of metals in plants Souza et al. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Nature , 69— Modulation of aquaporin genes by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in relation to osmotic stress tolerance , in Symbioses and Stress Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology , eds Seckbach J. Mycorrhiza, a fungal solution for the farm economy. Induction of pre-infection thread structures in the leguminous host plant by mitogenic lipo-oligosaccharides of Rhizobium. However, the exploitation of these fungi in applicative programs requires the knowledge of how AMF adapt and react to the target ecosystem and soil management and of the events that lead to the establishment of a functional symbiosis, including the mechanisms involved in nutrient transfer. Boyer et al. Therefore, in this review, the existing information related to the role of AMF has been combined in a coherent way for understanding of AMF symbiotic relationship with a variety of plants under stress environments. Bibcode : PlSoi.