Arcuate nucleus

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus also known as ARH[1] ARC[2] or arcuate nucleus nucleus [2] [3] is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamusadjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine and physiological functions, including neuroendocrine neurons, arcuate nucleus, centrally projecting neurons, and astrocytes.

The hypothalamus is part of the diencephalon and has several nuclei, one of which is the arcuate nucleus. The arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus ARH consists of neuroendocrine neurons and centrally-projecting neurons. Keywords : Arcuate nucleus, Hypothalamus, Metabolic disease, Central nervous system disease, Obesity. The hypothalamus is a component of the diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus and superior to the midbrain. It serves as the highest regulator of the autonomic nervous system and plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and regulating the secretion of insulin, glucagon and various hormones. The hypothalamus has several nuclei, which are aggregations of neurons: paraventricular nucleus PVH , ventromedial nucleus VMH , dorsomedial nucleus DMH , preoptic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area LHA and arcuate nucleus. These hypothalamic nuclei are connected to each other and various surrounding brain regions, regulating the secretion of various peptides and neurotransmitters.

Arcuate nucleus

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The central nervous system CNS receives information from afferent neurons, circulating hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Particularly the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus ARC is of pivotal importance for primary sensing of adiposity signals, such as leptin and insulin, and circulating nutrients, such as glucose. Importantly, energy state—sensing neurons in the ARC not only regulate feeding but at the same time control multiple physiological functions, such as glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, and innate immune responses. These findings have defined them as master regulators, which adapt integrative physiology to the energy state of the organism. The disruption of this fine-tuned control leads to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure as well as deregulation of peripheral metabolism. Improving our understanding of the cellular, molecular, and functional basis of this regulatory principle in the CNS could set the stage for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we summarize novel insights with a particular emphasis on ARC neurocircuitries regulating food intake and glucose homeostasis and sensing factors that inform the brain of the organismal energy status. Obesity prevalence has increased worldwide in the last 50 years to pandemic proportions 1. Obesity is associated with a number of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, certain cancer types, and neurodegenerative disorders 2 , 3 , which impose a significant socioeconomic burden on our society. Individuals with obesity are often perceived as lacking will power and self-discipline to reduce excess energy intake and to increase physical activity and are vulnerable to social stigma and discrimination 4. Biological and clinical evidence reveals a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors that is at odds with the assumption that body weight is entirely under voluntary control. In this context, the central nervous system CNS plays a pivotal role in sensing and controlling metabolic homeostasis of the organism. Genome-wide association studies find that a majority of genes associated with body mass index are expressed in the CNS, many of them in the hypothalamus

Prog Neurobiol

In the medulla oblongata , the arcuate nucleus is a group of neurons located on the anterior surface of the medullary pyramids. These nuclei are the extension of the pontine nuclei. They receive fibers from the corticospinal tract and send their axons through the anterior external arcuate fibers and medullary striae to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Arcuate nuclei are capable of chemosensitivity and have a proven role in the respiratory center controlling the breathing rate. This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Obesity is a chronic state of energy imbalance that represents a major public health problem and greatly increases the risk for developing hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a multitude of related pathologies that encompass the metabolic syndrome. The underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment strategies for obesity, however, are still not fully understood. The control of energy balance involves the actions of circulating hormones on a widely distributed network of brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, including the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Arcuate nucleus

In the medulla oblongata , the arcuate nucleus is a group of neurons located on the anterior surface of the medullary pyramids. These nuclei are the extension of the pontine nuclei. They receive fibers from the corticospinal tract and send their axons through the anterior external arcuate fibers and medullary striae to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Arcuate nuclei are capable of chemosensitivity and have a proven role in the respiratory center controlling the breathing rate. This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history.

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Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami. Schematic illustration of projections to and from ARH neurons. AgRP is an orexigenic peptide consisting of amino acids — its mature form has amino acids [ 17 ]. The PVH incorporates neuroendocrine information from other brain regions with autonomic nervous system functions, including afferent inputs as well as autonomic outputs. Interestingly, mice with total hypothalamic POMC deficiency developed severe obesity, whereas mice with restricted POMC expression to hypothalamic neurons expressing the LEPR displayed normal body weight and food consumption For the hypothalamic structure, see Arcuate nucleus. J Neurochem Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Kiss1-expressing neurons Initially identified as a protein that suppresses the metastasis of human malignant melanoma [ 79 ], Kiss1 is synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei including the ARH [ 80 ]. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of AgRP projections to the LH, the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis BNST , and the paraventricular thalamus evoked a feeding response 35 Fig. For the structure in the medulla oblongata, see Arcuate nucleus medulla. While AgRP- and POMC-expressing neurons in the ARC have been identified as key regulators of not only feeding control, but also of integrative physiology during adaptation to the current energy status of the organism, recent experiments have revealed new levels of complexity in this regulation. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Rapid sensing of circulating ghrelin by hypothalamic appetite-modifying neurons.

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Keywords : Arcuate nucleus, Hypothalamus, Metabolic disease, Central nervous system disease, Obesity. Abstract The central nervous system CNS receives information from afferent neurons, circulating hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Zhang X, van den Pol AN. In addition, AgRP stimulation is mildly aversive, which suggests that AgRP neurons are responsible for negative valence signals produced during hunger The overall importance of these neurons in feeding regulation is clearly evidenced by the phenotype of mice with diphtheria toxin—induced ablation of AgRP neurons in adult mice. Correspondence: Jens C. Furthermore, the adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin plays a critical role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, these neurons control systemic insulin sensitivity via acute reprogramming of brown adipose tissue gene expression toward a myogenic signature, increasing myostatin levels and thereby coordinating hunger states with glucose homeostasis Diphtheria toxin—induced ablation in adult mice leads to a strong reduction in food intake and eventually to starvation 36 , Export to Citation. Nat Metab