Chitinase

Chitinases have the ability of chitin digestion that constitutes a main compound of the cell wall in many of the phytopathogens chitinase as fungi. In the following investigation, chitinase, a novel chitinase with antifungal activity was characterized from a native Serratia marcescens B4A. Partially purified enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 54 kDa. Moreover, chitinase, the Km and Vmax values for chitin were 8.

Ayokunmi Oyeleye , Yahaya M. Normi; Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications. Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex.

Chitinase

Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics volume 2 , Article number: 3 Cite this article. Metrics details. Chitin, after cellulose, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, is a key component of insects, fungi, and house-dust mites. Lower life forms are endowed with chitinases to defend themselves against chitin-bearing pathogens. Unexpectedly, humans were also found to express chitinases as well as chitinase-like proteins that modulate immune responses. Particularly, increased levels of the chitinase-like protein YKL have been associated with severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, and other inflammatory disease conditions. Here, we summarize and discuss the potential role of chitin, chitinases, and chitinase-like proteins in pediatric lung diseases. The role of chitin and chitinases has been firmly established in the field of plant and microbial immunity by demonstrating that host-derived chitinases cleave chitin to protect against invading chitin-bearing pathogens, such as fungi. Although mammals lack endogenous chitin or chitin synthases, chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are endogenously expressed in their lung and other organs. Particularly, chitinase-like proteins have been described as dysregulated in a variety of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, yet their potential role for humans has just recently begun to evolve [ 1 , 2 ]. Chitin is a major component of a variety of allergy-triggering environmental components, including house-dust mites or fungal spores, and fungal asthma is increasingly appreciated as an under-diagnosed disease entity [ 3 ]. Thus, an understanding of the complex immunological and pathophysiological implications of chitin-chitinase interactions in the human body is of high relevance for identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for fungal diseases and other conditions, where chitin-coated microbial derivatives play a critical role. Here, we provide an overview of an emerging, yet complex field of research. Of particular interest are interspecies differences with resulting specific nomenclatures. Subsequent to an overall introduction of chitin, the role of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in pediatric lung diseases are reviewed, leading up to a summary of ideas how these mechanisms could be exploited to improve diagnostics and therapeutics in lung diseases in childhood and beyond Figure 1.

Shehata A.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, is found in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi, yeast, and algae, and in the internal structures of other vertebrates. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin. Chitinases contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem. Chitin and chitinolytic enzymes are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications, especially the chitinases exploited in agriculture fields to control pathogens. Chitinases have a use in human health care, especially in human diseases like asthma.

Chitinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin, nd are synthesized by a wide variety of organisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they are garnering increasing attention for their uses in a wide range of applications. In the food industry, the direct fermentation of seafood, such as crab and shrimp shells, using chitinolytic microorganisms has contributed to increased nutritional benefits through the enhancement of chitin degradation into chitooligosaccharides. These compounds have been demonstrated to improve human health through their antitumor, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, chitinase and chitinous materials are used in the food industry for other purposes, such as the production of single-cell proteins, chitooligosaccharides, N-acetyl D-glucosamines, biocontrol, functional foods, and various medicines.

Chitinase

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Food allergies originate from adverse immune reactions to some food components. Ingestion of food allergens can cause effects of varying severity, from mild itching to severe anaphylaxis reactions.

Solar panel stardew

Hydrogenophilus hirschii - 59 5. Chitin Enzymology. COS in the food industry can serve as food additives, product enhancers [ 3 , ], and dietary supplements for building the immune system [ ]. Clearly, a more thorough study using well-defined chitin fragments is warranted. Evaluation of antifungal, phosphate solubilisation, and siderophore and chitinase release activities of endophytic fungi from Pistacia vera. Dahiya et al. The dried samples were sputtered coated with gold. Writing—original draft, V. Bacterial chitinases also show a broad range of isoelectric points pI 4. Microbial Chitinases Chitinases are secreted by various microorganisms, such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and other organisms, as well as plants.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Chitin is an important component of the exteriors of insects and fungi.

Chitinases have a wide array of applications in various fields, including medical, industrial, and agricultural, which are elaborately discussed below. A 6-cystein conserved region present in the chitin-binding domain of CTS1 and K1Cts1p is probably involved in the protein-protein interaction or tertiary structure through the disulphide bond formation. Chitinases are enzymes that hydrolyze chitin, and mainly belong to four glycoside hydrolase GH families, 18, 19, 23, and 48 [ 2 , 3 ]. A thermophilic chitinase from the marine bacterium Microbulbifer sp. Trichoderma harzianum GIM 3. Lombard V. Crystal structure of chitinase ChiW from Paenibacillus sp. Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitobiase from T. Lactic acid is also used to process chitin, which is a more environmentally favorable approach than hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid. In: Singh A.