Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Neuroendocrinology 1 July ; 94 1 : 12— Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH plays a key role in adjusting the basal and stress-activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA, corticotropin-releasing hormone. CRH is also widely distributed in extrahypothalamic circuits, where it acts as a neuroregulator to integrate the complex neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral adaptive response to stress. This review describes the main physiological features of the CRH network and summarizes recent relevant information concerning the molecular mechanism of CRH action obtained from signal transduction studies using corticotropin-releasing hormone and wild-type and transgenic mice lines.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Language: English Russian. Stress is an essential part of everyday life. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH, also called CRF and corticoliberin plays a key role in the integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis by neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus PVN , the primary site of synthesis CRH, triggers stress reactions. In addition to the hypothalamus, CRH is widespread in extrahypothalamic brain structures, where it functions as a neuromodulator for coordination and interaction between the humoral and behavioral aspects of a stress response.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Recent findings suggest that an interaction between the nervous system and immune system might be behind the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. Neuropeptides have been shown to play a major role in mediating response to stress and inducing immune activation or suppression. CRF is a stress-related neuropeptide whose dysregulation has been associated with depression. In this review, we summarized the role of CRF in the neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, and the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines CHM as well as other agents. Studying the network of CRF and immune responses will help to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, targeting this important network may aid in developing novel treatments for this debilitating psychiatric disorder. Depression, also termed as clinical depression or major depressive disorder MDD , is a common but serious mental disorder affecting the quality of human life. Depression shows gender specificity in which women have a lifetime incidence of depression two times greater than men. Also depression is shown to be associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular disease and other forms of disease-related mortality Steffens et al. In addition, patients with depression have higher suicidal tendency which makes it a potentially life-threatening mental disorder Duman et al. Corticotropin releasing factor CRF was originally identified by Vale et al. CRF is a key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis, which is the most important neuroendocrine system mediating the stress response. Upon stress exposure, CRF is released from the hypothalamus and it stimulates the production of a series of down-stream stress hormones, including adrenocorticotropin ACTH and glucocorticoids Belvederi Murri et al. Glucocorticoids in turn inhibit the endocrine activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, forming a negative feedback loop. This feedback loop is vital for the regulation and homeostasis of the stress response system Slominski et al.

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. In this issue of the BJD Ganceviciene et al. Furthermore, the authors propose that overactivation of this CRH system can play an important aetiological role in the development of acne vulgaris through stimulation of local inflammatory reactions. This conclusion is in accordance with the published information that CRH and related URCs are widely produced by human skin in cell type- and anatomical region-specific manners reviewed.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH also known as corticotropin-releasing factor CRF or corticoliberin ; corticotropin may also be spelled corticotrophin is a peptide hormone involved in stress responses. It is a releasing hormone that belongs to corticotropin-releasing factor family. In humans, it is encoded by the CRH gene. Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH is a amino acid peptide derived from a amino acid preprohormone. Increased CRH production has been observed to be associated with Alzheimer's disease and major depression , [6] and autosomal recessive hypothalamic corticotropin deficiency has multiple and potentially fatal metabolic consequences including hypoglycemia.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Early neuroendocrine studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH , or corticotropin-releasing factor CRF , were focused on investigating its role in regulating the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal axis. In the following years, the characterization of CRH receptors and the availability of specific CRH agonists and antagonists have provided evidence that CRH plays a role in the regulation of several biological systems, as well as in reproduction, neuropsychiatric, gastrointestinal, and immune disorders and in the development of tumors. Further elucidation of the physiology of CRH will facilitate characterization of its role in human pathophysiology and exploit the potential of ligands for CRH receptors as novel therapeutic targets. With its sequence known, this neuropeptide was determined to be a hormone and consequently named corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH , although the term corticotropin-releasing factor CRF is still used and preferred in some circumstances.

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Glucocorticoids are negative regulators of the HPA axis acting through two types of receptors: the glucocorticoid receptor GR and the mineralocorticoid receptor. Because of this, cortisol blocks the continued release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and switches off the hypothalamus—pituitary—adrenal axis, which is known as a negative feedback loop. Download as PDF Printable version. Glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease. Annu Rev Psychol ;—, C—C Three main groups of neurons were described in this core:. Such brain area-specific effects await further investigation. The biological effects of glucocorticoids support adaptation to stress-induced needs by controlling energy metabolism Herman et al. Neurobiology of depression. Licinio, J. Although many CHM have shown promising antidepressant-like effects, their exact mechanisms of action remain unclear. However, the functions of CRH-secreting neurons differ significantly depending on the region in which they are located. In aged rats, two CRF1 receptor antagonists, R and antalarmin, prevented chronic stress-induced anxiety-related behavioral and memory deficits Dong et al. Consistent with this, memory impairments are common in people with post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD Brewin et al.

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Chrousos GP. Knapp, D. Susana Silberstein Susana Silberstein. Consistent with findings in younger adults, high cortisol levels were also found in some older depressed subjects Gotthardt et al. Chromosome 8 human [1]. The biologically active components of CHM has been reported to inhibit proinflammatory pathways Pan et al. The earliest indication demonstrated that depression is likely to be associated with inflammation, as it is reported that patients treated with recombinant human interferon alpha developed psychiatric complications Renault et al. In clinical studies, patients with depression treated with four antidepressants venlafaxine, Lhydroxytryptophan, fluoxetine, and imipramine showed increase in the production of IL Kubera et al. The biological effects of glucocorticoids support adaptation to stress-induced needs by controlling energy metabolism Herman et al. A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume, cortisol levels, and cognition in older depressed subjects. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol ;— Synaptic physiology of central CRH system.