Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Federal government websites often end in, polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The site is secure. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDEs are a class of recalcitrant and bioaccumulative halogenated compounds that have emerged as a major environmental pollutant.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDEs and polybrominated biphenyls PBBs belong to a class of chemicals that are added to certain manufactured products in order to reduce the chances that the products will catch on fire. Finished products that may contain PBDEs are furniture foam padding; wire insulation; rugs, draperies, and upholstery; and plastic cabinets for televisions, personal computers, and small appliances. These chemicals can get into the air, water, and soil during their manufacture; they can leak from products that contain them or escape when the products that contain them break down. They do not dissolve easily in water; they stick to particles and settle to the bottom of rivers or lakes. Some PBDEs can build up in certain fish and mammals when they eat contaminated food or water.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs are flame retardant chemicals added to products so they won't catch fire or burn so easily if they are exposed to flame or high heat. PBDEs have been used for over 30 years in products such as mattresses, upholstered furniture, foam carpet pads, draperies, television sets, computers, stereos and other electronics, cable insulation, adhesives, and textile coating. PBDEs can migrate out of flame retardant products and accumulate in indoor air, house dust, and eventually the environment. PBDEs do not break down quickly in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain. They have been found in air, soils, sediments, fish, marine mammals, birds and other wildlife, beef, chicken, dairy products, and people's bodies. In people, some PBDEs can stay in the fat and other tissues of the body for long periods. You may be exposed to PBDEs through household dust, consumer products, and from residues in food. People who work in enclosed spaces where PBDE-containing products are manufactured, repaired, or recycled may also have a higher level of exposure. PBDE levels reported in children are usually higher than the levels detected in adults. Children are exposed to PBDEs mainly by absorbing PBDE from their indoor environment, from use of consumer products including toys, and from their diet. Over time, exposure to PBDE flame retardants should decline in the United States as production of two types of PBDEs were voluntarily discontinued by December and the last type is planned for phase-out in Exposures will continue from existing building materials, furnishings, and consumer products that contain PBDEs. Animal studies have shown that PBDE exposure during pregnancy and after birth caused problems with brain development in offspring.

Another study tested the levels found in chickens.

Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure MOET approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84, analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDEs are a class of recalcitrant and bioaccumulative halogenated compounds that have emerged as a major environmental pollutant. PBDEs are used as a flame-retardant and are found in consumer goods such as electrical equipment, construction materials, coatings, textiles and polyurethane foam furniture padding. Less brominated PBDEs like tetra-, penta- and hexa- demonstrate high affinity for lipids and can accumulate in the bodies of animals and humans. Evidence to date suggests that tetra- and penta-BDEs are likely to be the more toxic and bioaccumulative of the PBDE compounds, compared to octa- and deca-congeners. PBDEs are sold as mixtures, under names such as "pentabromodiphenyl ether" and "octabromodiphenyl ether. Pentabromo consists of PBDEs that are believed to be the most toxic. This mixture has been banned by the European Union, but is still used in North America. The United States is the leading producer and user of pentabromo. Children exposed to PBDEs are prone to subtle but measurable developmental problems.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDEs and polybrominated biphenyls PBBs belong to a class of chemicals that are added to certain manufactured products in order to reduce the chances that the products will catch on fire. Finished products that may contain PBDEs are furniture foam padding; wire insulation; rugs, draperies, and upholstery; and plastic cabinets for televisions, personal computers, and small appliances. These chemicals can get into the air, water, and soil during their manufacture; they can leak from products that contain them or escape when the products that contain them break down. They do not dissolve easily in water; they stick to particles and settle to the bottom of rivers or lakes. Some PBDEs can build up in certain fish and mammals when they eat contaminated food or water. Another source of exposure results from breathing contaminated air or swallowing contaminated dust.

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Arch Toxicol. Oncol Res. Reed , MD. Hydroxy-PBDE congeners have structural similarities with the thyroid hormones 3,5-diiodothyronine T 2 , 3,3,5-triiodothyronine T 3 and 3,3,5,5-tetraiodothyronine thyroxine, T 4. References 1. PBDEs are endocrine disruptors and neurotoxins. Another study tested the levels found in chickens. They have also been found in the air, soil, sediments, humans, wildlife, fish and other marine life, and sewage treatment plant biosolids. PBDE levels reported in children are usually higher than the levels detected in adults. Congenital lung pathology associated with nitrofen exposure may be due to the down regulation of thyroid dependent transcription factor. EPA set a safe daily exposure level ranging from 0. Open windows and doors while you clean. Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammaian cells.

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According to U. Commercial PBDEs are manufactured by bromination of diphenyl ethers resulting in a mixture of diphenyl ethers containing tetra-, penta-, hepta-, octa-, and deca-congeners in various percentages. Effect of triiodothyronine administration on estrogen receptor contents in peripubertal Sertoli cells. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether PBDE flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Deca- and octa-brominated congeners have lower bioaccumulative and biological activities. Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? There is also growing concern that PBDEs share the environmental long life and bioaccumulation properties of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Using human breast milk as a matrix, some European countries have successfully developed a body burden monitoring system for a variety of environmental contaminants, including PBDEs. Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. Content Source: Environmental Toxicology Program. Wiley Online Library.