Proto indo european dictionary

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages.

This app provides an offline version of Proto Indo European etymological dictionary This dictionary introduces Proto-Indo-European, describes how it was reconstructed from its descendant languages, and shows what it reveals about the people who spoke it between 5, and 8, years ago. Using related evidence from archaeology and natural history the dictionary explores the lives, thoughts, passions, culture, society, economy, history, and environment of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. It includes chapters on fauna, flora, family and kinship, clothing and textiles, food and drink, space and time, emotions, mythology, and religion. Thank you! This app has been updated by Apple to display the Apple Watch app icon.

Proto indo european dictionary

Participate today. No documents of this language exist; it is confined to prehistory. But linguists use the comparative method, a tool of historical linguistics, to reconstruct elements of this language's vocabulary and grammar. In this context, a single word of PIE often termed an etymon or root serves as the etymological ancestor of some number of words called reflexes found in the extant documents of languages in the Indo-European family. We have augmented these with our own glosses of their meanings and chains of cross-references derived from IEW. Subsequent additions involved human editing of content assembled via software from electronic sources and from selected print and online sources. Interested readers may consult an online paper outlining the nature of our early work in this project. In addition, the IE Reflex Pages list words derived from the individual etyma: at present, nearly ancient and modern Indo-European languages or dialects are represented by reflexes, the vast majority of which may be located alphabetically via our Language Index pages. Each entry that corresponds to a page listing IE reflexes thereof is linked to that page. Each reflex is annotated with: part-of-speech or other grammatical feature s ; a short gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and one or more source citation. Again there are three versions of each etymon-with-reflexes page; each is linked, in chain-reference fashion, to nearby etyma the previous or next extant reflex page in IEW order. Our IE Language Index page lists many though not all individual Indo-European languages by family, from west to east; families are divided into groups, by age or geographic area again, generally from west to east. A word with multiple morphemes may have multiple links to IE reflex pages e.

Ger stellen "to put, place, position".

For best results with compound words, place a quotation mark before the compound word in the search window. The Usage Panel is a group of nearly prominent scholars, creative writers, journalists, diplomats, and others in occupations requiring mastery of language. Annual surveys have gauged the acceptability of particular usages and grammatical constructions. The articles in our blog examine new words, revised definitions, interesting images from the fifth edition, discussions of usage, and more. The Panelists. See word lists from the best-selling Words Series! Find out more!

Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language , and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its age. The majority of linguistic work during the 19th century was devoted to the reconstruction of PIE or its daughter languages , and many of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction such as the comparative method were developed as a result. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis , the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic—Caspian steppe of eastern Europe. The linguistic reconstruction of PIE has provided insight into the pastoral culture and patriarchal religion of its speakers. As speakers of Proto-Indo-European became isolated from each other through the Indo-European migrations , the regional dialects of Proto-Indo-European spoken by the various groups diverged, as each dialect underwent shifts in pronunciation the Indo-European sound laws , morphology, and vocabulary. Over many centuries, these dialects transformed into the known ancient Indo-European languages. From there, further linguistic divergence led to the evolution of their current descendants, the modern Indo-European languages. PIE is believed to have had an elaborate system of morphology that included inflectional suffixes analogous to English child, child's, children, children's as well as ablaut vowel alterations, as preserved in English sing, sang, sung, song and accent. PIE nominals and pronouns had a complex system of declension , and verbs similarly had a complex system of conjugation.

Proto indo european dictionary

Current Version: 8. Based on a work at academiaprisca. It covers core vocabulary of the reconstructed Late Proto-Indo-European language, unlike most dictionaries and lexica available, which are centred on the reconstruction of Middle Proto-Indo-European or Indo-Hittite roots. This work sets the standard of excellence for Late Proto-Indo-European lexicography, with more than words and thousands of potential derivatives, hundreds of explanatory notes — including Indo-Hittite roots, word origins, and conjugation or declension categories and help. With a clear emphasis on North-West Indo-European vocabulary, it provides the most comprehensive and accurate coverage for a Modern Indo-European language revival.

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Possibly Greek kata , down cata-. OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab". Basic form with variant instrumental suffixes. Gale A ON sofa "sleep v. Derivatives include strange , and extreme. Derivatives include know , cunning , uncouth , ignore , noble , diagnosis , and narrate. Derivatives include quick , vivid , vitamin , whiskey , amphibious , microbe , and hygiene. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ON eykr draft animal ; ON eyki vehicle, cart. Faits de Langues. More By This Developer. A word with multiple morphemes may have multiple links to IE reflex pages e. Article Talk. Derivatives include blue , bleach , blind , blond , blanket , black , flagrant , and flame.

The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language PIE words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.

Various extended Germanic forms. Derivatives include old , haughty , altitude , enhance , alumnus , coalesce , and prolific. Derivatives include agony , ambiguous , demagogue , essay , and squat. Derivatives include fang , peace , pact , palisade , and travel. Phonological Reconstruction: Problems and Methods. Related to nu-. In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka ed. Kurgan hypothesis Schleicher theories Anatolian hypothesis Armenian hypothesis Outdated theories: Beech argument North European hypothesis. Current Anthropology. OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck". Current Science. Derivatives include iceberg , bourgeois , burglar , force , and fortify. To be, exist, grow. Huld, Martin E. After this a PIE reconstruction results in a respective Indo-European form, when the Foma script of that language is applied.