Diterpenes

They diterpenes 20 carbon atoms and are derived from geranylgeraniol pyrophosphate. They are of fungal or plant origin and are found in resins, diterpenes, gummy exudates, and in the resinous high-boiling fractions remaining after distillation of essential oils.

Antimicrobial resistance has been posing an alarming threat to the treatment of infectious diseases over the years. Ineffectiveness of the currently available synthetic and semisynthetic antibiotics has led the researchers to discover new molecules with potent antimicrobial activities. To overcome the emerging antimicrobial resistance, new antimicrobial compounds from natural sources might be appropriate. Secondary metabolites from natural sources could be prospective candidates in the development of new antimicrobial agents with high efficacy and less side effects. Among the natural secondary metabolites, diterpenoids are of crucial importance because of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, which has put it in the center of research interest in recent years.

Diterpenes

The research, development and use of natural products as therapeutic agents, especially those derived from plants, have been increasing in recent years. There has been great deal of focus on the naturally occurring antispasmodic phytochemicals as potential therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Naturally occurring diterpenes exert several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory action, antimicrobial and antispasmodic activities. Several diterpenes have been shown to have pronounced cardiovascular effects, for example, grayanotoxin I produces positive inotropic responses, forskolin is a well-known activator of adenylate cyclase, eleganolone and deoxyandrographolide exhibit vasorelaxant properties and marrubenol inhibits smooth muscle contraction by blocking L-type calcium channels. In the last few years, we have investigated the biological activity of kaurane and pimarane-type diterpenes, which are the main secondary metabolites isolated from the roots of Viguiera robusta and V. Moreover, kaurane and pimarane-type diterpenes decreased mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats. Diterpenes likely fulfil the definition of a pharmacological preconditioning class of compounds and give hope for the therapeutic use in cardiovascular diseases. This article will review patents, structure-activity relationship, pharmacology, antihypertensive efficiency, and the vascular mechanisms underlying the effects of diterpenes. Careful examination of the cardiovascular effects exhibited by kaurane and pimarane-type diterpenes will be provided. Abstract The research, development and use of natural products as therapeutic agents, especially those derived from plants, have been increasing in recent years. Publication types Review.

Lambrechts, I. It could act on the diterpenes pathways broadly utilized by the enveloped viruses or could activate innate antiviral responses. There is a considerable number of publications in the field of cembranoids of Boswellia species, diterpenes.

Terpenes are major biosynthetic building blocks. Comprising more than 30, compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants , particularly conifers. Other functions of terpenoids include cell growth modulation and plant elongation, light harvesting and photoprotection, and membrane permeability and fluidity control. Terpenes are classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes C 10 , sesquiterpenes C 15 , diterpenes C 20 , as examples. The terpene alpha-pinene is a major component of the common solvent , turpentine.

Antimicrobial resistance has been posing an alarming threat to the treatment of infectious diseases over the years. Ineffectiveness of the currently available synthetic and semisynthetic antibiotics has led the researchers to discover new molecules with potent antimicrobial activities. To overcome the emerging antimicrobial resistance, new antimicrobial compounds from natural sources might be appropriate. Secondary metabolites from natural sources could be prospective candidates in the development of new antimicrobial agents with high efficacy and less side effects. Among the natural secondary metabolites, diterpenoids are of crucial importance because of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, which has put it in the center of research interest in recent years.

Diterpenes

Terpenes are major biosynthetic building blocks. Comprising more than 30, compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants , particularly conifers. Other functions of terpenoids include cell growth modulation and plant elongation, light harvesting and photoprotection, and membrane permeability and fluidity control. Terpenes are classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes C 10 , sesquiterpenes C 15 , diterpenes C 20 , as examples.

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It displays antimicrobial activity and has veterinary indications to treat dysentery and pneumonia in animals [ 38 ]. Mafu S. Cannabinoids are a group of diterpenes present in Cannabis Cannabis sativa L. Two known compounds, pseudolaric acid F 8. Lin-Gen L. Rapid Commun. None of the compounds showed any selective activity against T. Fozia et al. J Med Chem An Introduction to Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry.

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Acyclic Phytol Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Geranyl-linalool. Structures of rosane, spongian, vakognavine, and miscellaneous diterpenoids with significant antibacterial activity. XL and investigated their antibacterial activity against eight human pathological bacterial strains, including Micrococcus lysodeikticus , M. Hardcover Book EUR Ding, Y. Chemical structures of diterpenes 65 and 66 [ ]. Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. A rare example of diterpene halogenation was reported by Farooq and Tahara [ 60 ] using the fungus Botrytis cinerea. In addition, the risk of severity of adverse effects can be increased when paclitaxel is combined with other drugs [ 89 ]. Among them, compound 31 significantly inhibited the growth of C. Wu and H. Mafezoli J.