Graphitic carbon nitride

Open access peer-reviewed chapter.

The semiconductors, such as TiO 2 , CdS, ZnO, BiVO 4 , graphene, produce good applications in photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production, and great progress have been made in the synthesis and modification of the materials. As a two-dimensional layered structure material, graphitic carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 , with the unique properties of high thermostability and chemical inertness, excellent semiconductive ability, affords good potential in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. However, the related low efficiency of g-C 3 N 4 with fast recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers, limited visible-light absorption, and low surface area of prepared bulk g-C 3 N 4 , has called out the challenge issues to synthesize and modify novel g-C 3 N 4 -block photocatalyst. In this review, we have summarized several strategies to improve the photocatalytic performance of pristine g-C 3 N 4 such as pH, morphology control, doping with metal or non-metal elements, metal deposition, constructing a heterojunction or homojunction, dye-sensitization, and so forth. The performances for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and possible development of g-C 3 N 4 materials are shared with the researchers interested in the relevant fields hereinto. With the development and progress of human society, environmental pollution and energy shortage have become two major problems that plague human beings. Hydrogen is considered as one of the best candidates for storing solar energy meeting the growing clean energy demand Chen et al.

Graphitic carbon nitride

Graphitic carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 is a metal-free conjugated polymer constructed from two-dimensional sheets with a bandgap energy of 2. In the present study, the basic concepts and principles of photocatalytic water splitting have been discussed, and a guide for the selection of appropriate photocatalysts, focusing on the g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials, has been proposed. Our approach is mainly concentrated on evaluating two factors, namely the solar-to-hydrogen STH conversion and apparent quantum yield AQY for different photocatalysts, to provide an in-depth analysis and a framework for solar H 2 production for future research directions. We compared hydrogen production from an economic viewpoint and performance of g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials through photochemical PC and photoelectrochemical PEC methods. Various approaches for efficient solar H 2 generation over a modified g-C 3 N 4 surface with the possibility for commercialization have been introduced. The promising approaches for the effective utilization of g-C 3 N 4 are categorized into three proposed methods: electronic structure tuning, hybrid and nanocomposite fabrication, and finally geometric structure manipulation. Finally, we compared the recent findings and key achievements for g-C 3 N 4 -based photocatalysts modified based on the abovementioned three approaches to propose two possible scenarios for their use in the future development of efficient solar H 2 generation. Naseri, M. Samadi, A. Pourjavadi, A. Moshfegh and S. Ramakrishna, J. A , , 5 , DOI: To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

Photocatalyst releasing hydrogen from water. Chinese Science Bulletin. Interfaces 5 20—

Graphite carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 is well known as one of the most promising materials for photocatalytic activities, such as CO 2 reduction and water splitting, and environmental remediation through the removal of organic pollutants. On the other hand, carbon nitride also pose outstanding properties and extensive application forecasts in the aspect of field emission properties. In this mini review, the novel structure, synthesis and preparation techniques of full-bodied g-C 3 N 4 -based composite and films were revealed. This mini review discussed contemporary advancement in the structure, synthesis, and diverse methods used for preparing g-C 3 N 4 nanostructured materials. The present study gives an account of full knowledge of the use of the exceptional structural and properties, and the preparation techniques of graphite carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 and its applications.

In organic chemistry , carbon nitrides are compounds consisting only of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Carbon nitrides are also known as organic semiconductors with a band gap of 2. Due to its hydrogen-bonding motifs and electron-rich properties, this carbon material is considered a potential candidate for material applications in carbon supplementation. Dicyanopolyynes are composed of a chain of carbon atoms with alternating single and triple bonds, terminated by nitrogen atoms. Contents move to sidebar hide.

Graphitic carbon nitride

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Applied Catalysis B, Environmental. Cite this article Darkwah, W. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of g-C 3 N 4 produced from urea as a precursor was higher than that of thiourea or melamine in the presence of methanol as a sacrificial reagent and Pt as a co-catalyst. Graphitic carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 is considered as an ideal 2D material with the conjugated skeleton for photocatalytic water splitting with the activity of photoelectronic chemistry and high stability in the photochemical reaction Ong et al. Mater Chem Phys — However, the related low efficiency of g-C 3 N 4 with fast recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers, limited visible-light absorption, and low surface area of prepared bulk g-C 3 N 4 , has called out the challenge issues to synthesize and modify novel g-C 3 N 4 -block photocatalyst. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Fujishima and Honda revealed the exceptional knowledge about the photochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of TiO 2 in ; research interest has been focused in heterogeneous photocatalysis [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Naseri, M. Chen, X. Compared with 1D structures, 2D photocatalysts have greater potential because of their larger specific surface area and thinner thickness, exposing more active sites and shortening the transport path of photogenerated carriers. Download Citation.

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Copyright , Royal Society of Chemistry. Dong F, Sun Y, Wu L, Fu M, Wu Z Facile transformation of low cost thiourea into nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocatalyst with high visible light photocatalytic performance. Photocatalytic activity enhanced via g-C 3 N 4 nanoplates to nanorods. Recently, produced high-quality monolayer graphene by using resistive heating cold wall CVD was also times faster than conventional CVD. In , C 3 N 4 thin films via magnetron snorting of a graphite target on Si and polycrystalline Zr substrates under a pure nitrogen ambience and consideration of the structure of C 3 N 4 with analytical electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were synthesized by Chen and co-authors [ 27 , 31 ]. CrN Cr 2 N. Zou, X. The exact mechanism of the formation of graphene depends on the growth substrate but typically initiates with the growth of carbon atoms that nucleate on the metal after decomposition of the hydrocarbons, and the nuclei grow then into large domains [ 68 ]. RSC Adv. Synthesis and applications of nano-TiO2: a review Article 06 December Accepted 14 Oct Mo et al.